Background

Papuan Voices (Background)


Papua and West Papua are the two most easterly provinces of Indonesia, referred to collectively as ‘West Papua’. Previously called Irian Jaya, West Papua had a predominantly Christian, Melanesian population (96% in 1971), but its society is now made up of equal numbers of Papuan people and migrants from elsewhere in Indonesia. Considerable social tension exists between the two groups as migrants dominate business and economic opportunities and get most of the jobs. Traditional people are also losing their land as large companies set up agri-business projects such as plantations with little compensation for locals. Papuan people are becoming agricultural labourers on the lands which they once owned, and where they and their ancestors have lived for thousands of years.

West Papua was part of the Dutch East Indies Empire which once ruled what is now Indonesia for 350 years. Pushed out by the Japanese during World War Two, the Dutch failed to reassert their authority after the war except in West Papua. In 1949, Holland ceded sovereignty to the newly independent state of Indonesia overall its former empire, with the exception of West Papua. The Indonesians thought that they were to gain control of this region; however the Dutch soon announced plans for West Papua to become an independent nation in its own right. Military conflict ensued with an attempted invasion by Indonesian forces in 1960. While this was rebuffed by the Dutch, Indonesian diplomatic maneuvering proved far more successful, gaining the support of the United States. The US did this to counter moves by President Sukarno to build closer ties with the Soviet Union. Cold War imperatives took precedence in American foreign policy over all other issues, including the Papuans’ political right to self-determination.

In 1962, the New York Agreement was signed by the Dutch and the Indonesians under US sponsorship which handed control of West Papua to the Indonesians with the condition that a plebiscite (referendum) be held to obtain the consent of the Papuans for incorporation into Indonesia. Arguing that the Papuans were too “primitive for a normal “one person, one vote ballot, 1022 appointed representatives were forced to universally cast their vote for Indonesia. The curiously named “Act of Free Choice” was finally conducted in 1969 and the outcome accepted by the United Nations, which duly transferred sovereignty over West Papua to Indonesia. The Act of Free Choice has never been regarded as legitimate by the Papuan people, many of whom still feel that their right to self-determination has been stolen from them.

Even before the 1969 ‘plebiscite’, resistance and violence had broken out. An armed resistance movement with the Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM or Free Papua Movement) representing the vast majority of the West Papuan people and their desire for their own independent state, fought the Indonesian military in pitched battles that left thousands dead. The OPM, armed mostly with bows and arrows and a few modern rifles, were no match for Indonesia’s modern army, and large scale resistance gave way to small guerilla groups operating deep in the jungle. Opposition to Indonesian rule continues today, although much of it is now urban-based and pursues a non-violent, civil-rights agenda wherein Papuan leaders, including a new generation who are well educated and technology savvy, demand their political rights, including the right to self-determination.

While the Papuans were very much the majority in 1969, they are now slightly outnumbered by migrants from elsewhere in Indonesia who have moved to the provinces under massive government-sponsored transmigration programmes, along with spontaneous migrants searching for a better life. In the towns, the majority of the residents are non-Papuans, whereas, in large areas of the highlands and elsewhere, the population is still predominantly Papuan.

The ongoing conflict has resulted in large numbers of Indonesian military (TNI/Tentara Nasional Indonesia) personnel being based throughout West Papua and effectively engaging the region in an armed occupation. While Indonesia has made huge democratic gains since the fall of the Suharto dictatorship, these gains have not spread to West Papua, which remains under the firm grip of the TNI. As such, corruption is rife and human rights abuses are common. In 2001, in a bid to address Papuan grievances, Special Autonomy (Otsus) legislation was introduced by Jakarta, which was supposed to give the Papuans a measure of control over their own affairs as well as increased level of funding. However, this legislation was only partially implemented and has not resulted in actual improvement in critical areas such as health and education, but has instead substantially increased corruption.

Large scale economic development is taking place across West Papua in the form of logging, agricultural plantations, mining, and gas extraction. The Papuans possess very weak or non-existent land rights, and many are losing vast areas of land with little compensation. Everywhere this is creating conflict and hardship for local people. Although a significant number of Papuans work in the public service, senior positions are mostly held by migrants while most private sector employment is low paid. Business and economic activities are dominated by non-Papuan migrants.

Education and health services are very poor in most regions with very few doctors, medical staff or teachers who actually turn up for work. West Papua is the area of Indonesia worst affected by HIV-AIDS. The existing circumstances push Papuans to remain poor, and subjected to lack of education and deprived of health facilities compared to other regions in Indonesia, even though their province is one of the richest in the country in natural resources. All these obvious disadvantages and contradictions are fueling disaffection with the government in Jakarta amongst The Papuans and strengthening widespread demands for West Papua’s independence. These calls generally fall on deaf ears in the international community, which is keen to build closer ties with Indonesia, the world’s largest Muslim nation and the third biggest democracy in the world.